Research Methods and Statistics Arena

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• Price: $104.95 $94.46
• Hardback: 436 pages
• Also available in e-Book
• Published: May 2010
• ISBN: 978-0-8493-9564-2
• Publisher: CRC Press
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More than ever before, technological developments are blurring the boundaries shared by various areas of engineering (such as electrical, chemical, mechanical, and biomedical), materials science, physics, and chemistry. In response to this increased interdisciplinarity and interdependency of different engineering and science fields, Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials takes a necessarily critical, all-encompassing approach to introducing the fundamentals of electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of materials to students of science and engineering.

Weaving together science and engineering aspects, this book maintains a careful balance between fundamentals (i.e., underlying physics-related concepts) and technological aspects (e.g., manufacturing of devices, materials processing, etc.) to cover applications for a variety of fields, including:

• Nanoscience
• Electromagnetics
• Semiconductors
• Optoelectronics
• Fiber optics
• Microelectronic circuit design
• Photovoltaics
• Dielectric ceramics
• Ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, and pyroelectrics
• Magnetic materials

Building upon his twenty years of experience as a professor, Fulay integrates engineering concepts with technological aspects of materials used in the electronics, magnetics, and photonics industries. This introductory book concentrates on fundamental topics and discusses applications to numerous real-world technological examples—from computers to credit cards to optic fibers—that will appeal to readers at any level of understanding.

Gain the knowledge to understand how electronic, optical, and magnetic materials and devices work and how novel devices can be made that can compete with or enhance silicon-based electronics.

Where most books on the subject are geared toward specialists (e.g., those working in semiconductors), this long overdue text is a more wide-ranging overview that offers insight into the steadily fading distinction between devices and materials. It is well-suited to the needs of senior-level undergraduate and first-year graduate students or anyone working in industry, regardless of their background or level of experience.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Classification of Materials

Crystalline Materials

Ceramics, Metals and Alloys, and Polymers

Functional Classifi cation of Materials

Crystal Structures

Directions and Planes in Crystal Structures

Interstitial Sites or Holes in Crystal Structures

Coordination Numbers

Radius Ratio Concept

Crystal Structures of Different Materials

Defects in Materials

Point Defects in Ceramic Materials

Kröger–Vink Notation for Point Defects

Dislocations

Stacking Faults and Grain Boundaries

Microstructure–Property Relationships

Amorphous Materials

Nanostructured Materials

Defects in Materials: Good News or Bad News?

Electrical Conduction in Metals and Alloys

Ohm’s Law

Sheet Resistance (R_s)

Classical Theory of Electrical Conduction

Drift, Mobility, and Conductivity

Electronic and Ionic Conductors

Limitations of the Classical Theory of Conductivity

Resistivity of Metallic Materials

Joule Heating or I²R Losses

Dependence of Resistivity on Thickness

Chemical Composition–Microstructure–Conductivity Relationships in Metals

Resistivity of Metallic Alloys

The Quantum Mechanical Approach to Conductivity

Electrons in an Atom

Electrons in a Solid

Band Structure of Solids

Concept of the Fermi Energy Level

Fundamentals of Semiconductor Materials

Intrinsic Semiconductors

Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentrations

Band Structure of Semiconductors

Direct- and Indirect-Bandgap Semiconductors

Applications of Direct-Bandgap Materials

Motions of Electrons and Holes

Extrinsic Semiconductors

Donor-Doped (n-Type) Semiconductors

Acceptor-Doped (p-Type) Semiconductors

Amphoteric Dopants, Compensation, and Isoelectronic Dopants

Dopant Ionization

Conductivity of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors

Effect of Temperature on the Mobility of Carriers

The Effect of Dopant Concentration on Mobility

Temperature Dependence of Conductivity

Effect of Partial Dopant Ionization

Effect of Temperature on the Bandgap

The Effect of Dopant Concentration on the Bandgap (Eg)

The Effect of Crystallite Size on the Bandgap Quantum Dots

Semiconductivity in Ceramic Materials

Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors

Fermi Energy Levels in Metals

Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors

Electron and Hole Concentrations

Fermi Energy Levels in Intrinsic Semiconductors

Carrier Concentrations in Intrinsic Semiconductors

Fermi Energy Levels in n-Type and p-Type Semiconductors

Fermi Energy as a Function of the Temperature

Fermi Energy Positions and the Fermi–Dirac Distribution

Degenerate or Heavily-Doped Semiconductors

Fermi Energy Levels across Materials and Interfaces

Semiconductor p-n Junctions

Formation of a p-n Junction

Drift and Diffusion of Carriers

Constructing the Band Diagram for a p-n Junction

Calculation of Contact Potential

Space Charge at the p-n Junction

Electric Field Variation across the Depletion Region

Variation of Electric Potential

Width of the Depletion Region and Penetration Depths

Reverse-Biased p-n Junction

Diffusion Currents in a Forward-Biased p-n Junction

Drift Currents in a p-n Junction

Diode Based on a p-n Junction

Reverse-Bias Breakdown

Zener Diodes

Semiconductor Devices

Metal–Semiconductor Contacts

Schottky Contacts

Ohmic Contacts

Solar Cells

Light-Emitting Diodes

Bipolar Junction Transistor

Field-Effect Transistors

Types of Field-Effect Transistors

MESFET I–V Characteristics

Metal Insulator Field-Effect Transistors

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors

Linear Dielectric Materials

Dielectric Materials

Capacitance and Dielectric Constant

Dielectric Polarization

Local Electric Field (E_local)

Polarization Mechanisms—Overview

Electronic or Optical Polarization

Ionic, Atomic, or Vibrational Polarization

Shannon’s Polarizability Approach for Predicting Dielectric Constants

Dipolar or Orientational Polarization

Interfacial, Space Charge, or Maxwell–Wagner Polarization

Spontaneous or Ferroelectric Polarization

Dependence of the Dielectric Constant on Frequency

Complex Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Losses

Equivalent Circuit of a Real Dielectric

Impedance (Z) and Admittance (Y)

Power Loss in a Real Dielectric Material

Equivalent Series Resistance and Equivalent Series Capacitance

Ferroelectrics, Piezoelectrics, and Pyroelectrics

Ferroelectric Materials

Relationship of Ferroelectrics and Piezoelectrics to Crystal Symmetry

Electrostriction

Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loop

Piezoelectricity

Direct and Converse Piezoelectric Effects

Piezoelectric Behavior of Ferroelectrics

Piezoelectric Coefficients

Tensor Nature of Piezoelectric Coefficients

Relationship between Piezoelectric Coefficients

Applications of Piezoelectrics

Devices Based on Piezoelectrics

Technologically Important Piezoelectrics

Lead Zirconium Titanate

Applications and Properties of Hard and Soft Lead Zirconium Titanate Ceramics

Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient

Illustration of an Application: Piezoelectric Igniter

Recent Developments

Piezoelectric Composites

Pyroelectric Materials and Devices

Magnetic Materials

Origin of Magnetism

Magnetization (M), Flux Density (B), Magnetic Susceptibility (χ_m), Permeability (μ), and Relative Magnetic Permeability (μ_r)

Classification of Magnetic Materials

Ferromagnetic and Ferrimagnetic Materials

Other Properties of Magnetic Materials

Magnetostriction

Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials

Hard Magnetic Materials

Isotropic, Textured (Oriented), and Bonded Magnets

Soft Magnetic Materials

Magnetic Data-Storage Materials

Index

Reviews

Technological aspects of ferroelectric, piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials are discussed in detail, in a way that should allow the reader to select an optimal material for a particular application. The basics of magnetostatics are described clearly, as are a wide range of magnetic properties of materials … .

—Tony Harker, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London

Author/Editor Biography

Pradeep P. Fulay is a professor of Materials Science and Engineering in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Fulay has also served as the Program Director for Electronics, Photonics and Device Technologies in the Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems Division at the National Science Foundation. He joined the University of Pittsburgh in 1989, immediately after earning a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from the University of Arizona, Tucson. He earned a B. Tech with honors and an M. Tech with honors from the Indian Institute of Technology in Mumbai, India, in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Dr. Fulay has authored two other textbooks, has published several referred journal publications, and has three U.S. patents issued in the field of Materials Science and Engineering. Dr. Fulay’s research in the areas of microwave ceramics, ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials, magnetic materials, and chemical synthesis and the processing of smart materials has received international recognition. Dr. Fulay is a fellow of the American Ceramic Society. He has also held many positions in educational and research institutions, including as the president of the Ceramic Educational Council of the American Ceramic Society and as a founding member of the Greater Pittsburgh Chapter of the Materials Research Society. Dr. Fulay has been a William Kepler Whiteford Faculty Fellow at the University of Pittsburgh. His research has been supported by several organizations including the National Science Foundation, Ford, Alcoa, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR).